🖥️ Basic Linux Terminal Commands Cheat Sheet
Below are essential Linux commands every beginner or ethical hacker should know. These apply to most Linux distributions, including Kali Linux, Ubuntu, Debian, etc.
📁 File and Directory Commands
- ls – List directory contents
- cd [directory] – Change current directory
- pwd – Show present working directory
- mkdir [dir] – Create a new directory
- rm [file] – Remove a file
- rm -r [dir] – Remove directory recursively
- cp [src] [dest] – Copy files or directories
- mv [src] [dest] – Move or rename files
- touch [file] – Create an empty file
- cat [file] – View file contents
🔧 System and User Commands
- sudo [command] – Run command as root (superuser)
- apt update – Update package lists (Debian/Ubuntu/Kali)
- apt upgrade – Upgrade installed packages
- whoami – Show current logged-in user
- hostname – Display system hostname
- reboot – Restart the system
- shutdown now – Shutdown system immediately
🌐 Network Commands
- ifconfig – Show network interfaces (older systems)
- ip a – Show network interfaces (newer systems)
- ping [host] – Test network connectivity
- netstat -tuln – List listening ports
- nmap [target] – Scan networks (requires nmap installed)
📄 File Permissions and Ownership
- chmod [mode] [file] – Change file permissions
- chown [owner] [file] – Change file owner
- ls -l – List files with detailed permissions
⚙️ Process and System Monitoring
- ps aux – Show running processes
- top – Real-time system monitoring
- kill [pid] – Terminate a process
- df -h – Show disk space usage
- free -m – Show memory usage
✅ Useful Shortcuts
- Ctrl + C – Cancel current command
- Ctrl + Z – Send process to background
- history – Show command history
- !! – Repeat last command
Note: Always exercise caution with root privileges. These commands are essential for system management, troubleshooting, and penetration testing within authorized environments.
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